Aquifers and hyporheic zones: Towards an ecological understanding of groundwater

نویسندگان

  • Peter J. Hancock
  • William F. Humphreys
چکیده

Ecological constraints in subsurface environments relate directly to groundwater flow, hydraulic conductivity, interstitial biogeochemistry, pore size, and hydrological linkages to adjacent aquifers and surface ecosystems. Groundwater ecology has evolved from a science describing the unique subterranean biota to its current form emphasising multidisciplinary studies that integrate hydrogeology and ecology. This multidisciplinary approach seeks to elucidate the function of groundwater ecosystems and their roles in maintaining subterranean and surface water quality. In aquifer-surface water ecotones, geochemical gradients and microbial biofilms mediate transformations of water chemistry. Subsurface fauna (stygofauna) graze biofilms, alter interstitial pore size through their movement, and physically transport material through the groundwater environment. Further, changes in their populations provide signals of declining water quality. Better integrating groundwater ecology, biogeochemistry, and hydrogeology will significantly advance our understanding of subterranean ecosystems, especially in terms of bioremediation of contaminated groundwaters, maintenance or improvement of surface water quality in groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and improved protection of groundwater habitats during the extraction of natural resources. Overall, this will lead to a better understanding of the implications of groundwater hydrology and aquifer geology to distributions of subsurface fauna and microbiota, ecological processes such as carbon cycling, and sustainable groundwater management. R sum Les contraintes cologiques dans les environnements de subsurface sont en relation directe avec les coulements des eaux souterraines, la conductivit hydraulique, la biog ochimie des milieux interstitiels, la taille des pores, et les liens hydrologiques avec les aquif res et les cosyst mes adjacents. L’ cologie des eaux souterraines a volu d’une science d crivant uniquement les biotopes souterrains des tudes multidisciplinaires qui int grent l’ cologie et l’hydrog ologie. L’approche multidisciplinaire cherche lucider le fonctionnement des cosyst mes souterrains et leur r le consistant maintenir la qualit des eaux souterraines et de surface. Dans les cotones des eaux de la surfaces des aquif res, les gradients g ochimiques et les biofilms microbiologiques contr lent les transformations de la qualit de l’eau. La faune de subsurface (stygofauna) construisent les biofilms, alt rent la taille des pores interstitiels travers leur mouvement, et transportent physiquement des mat riaux travers l’environnement des eaux souterraines. Par ailleurs, les changements de leur population signalent un d clin de la qualit de l’eau. Une meilleure int gration de l’ cologie des eaux souterraines, de la biogeochimie, et de l’hydrog ologie pourra faire avancer de mani re efficace de notre compr hension des cosyst mes souterrains, et sp cialement en terme de biorem diation des eaux souterraines contamin es, de maintenance et d’am lioration de la qualit des eaux de surface d pendant des cosyst mes souterrains, et l’am lioration de la protection des habitats des eaux souterraines durant l’extraction des ressources naturelles. En g n ral, cela conduira une meilleure compr hension de l’implication de l’hydrog ologie et de la g ologie des aquif res la distribution de la faune de subsurface et aux microbiota, aux processus cologiques tels que les cycles du carbone, et la gestion durable des eaux souterraines. Resumen Los entornos ecol gicos en ambientes subsuperficiales est n relacionados directamente con el flujo de agua subterr nea, la conductividad hidr ulica, biogeoqu mica intersticial, tama o de los poros, y v nculos hidrol gicos con acu feros adyacentes y ecosistemas superficiales. La ecolog a del agua subterr nea ha evolucionado a partir de una ciencia que describe la biota Received: 18 March 2004 / Accepted: 22 November 2004 Published online: 25 February 2005 Springer-Verlag 2005 P. J. Hancock ()) · A. J. Boulton Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia e-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +61-2-6773-3082 Fax: +61-2-6773-2769

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تاریخ انتشار 2005